Temporal Lobes in the Cerebral Cortex

The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. It is located in the largest division of the brain known as the forebrain (prosencephalon). As with the frontal,  occipital, and parietal lobes, there is one temporal lobe located in each brain hemisphere. Temporal Lobes The temporal lobes are responsible for sensory processing, auditory perception, language and speech production, and memory storage.The temporal lobes are located in the prosencephalon or forebrain between the occipital and parietal lobes.Important structures within the temporal lobes include the olfactory cortex, the hippocampus, Wernickes Area, and the amygdala.The amygdala controls many autonomic responses to emotional stimulants and is also responsible for memory sorting and storing.Damage to the temporal lobes can result in impaired auditory perception, difficulty understanding and producing language, and memory loss. The temporal lobes play an important role in organizing sensory input, auditory perception, language and speech production, as well as memory association and formation. Structures of the limbic system, including the olfactory cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus are located within the temporal lobes. Damage to this area of the brain can result in problems with memory, understanding language, and maintaining emotional control. Location The temporal lobes are anterior to the occipital lobes and inferior to the frontal lobes and parietal lobes. A  large deep groove known as the Fissure of Sylvius separates the parietal and temporal lobes. Function The temporal lobes are involved in several functions of the body related to thought and sensory processing, including: Auditory PerceptionMemorySpeechLanguage ComprehensionEmotional ResponseVisual PerceptionFacial Recognition The temporal lobes aid in auditory processing and sound perception in addition to being vital to language comprehension and speech production. Speech and language-related tasks are accomplished by Wernickes Area, which helps to process words and interpret spoken language. Another primary role of the temporal lobes is memory and emotion processing and the most important brain structure involved in this is the amygdala. The amygdala receives sensory information from the thalamus and other areas of the cerebral cortex. Limbic structures of the temporal lobe are responsible for regulating many emotions as well as forming, processing, and classifying memories based on new and existing information. The amygdala, with the help of the hippocampus, aids in memory formation and connects emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories. This mass of cells sorts through memories to determine where they will be stored long-term and also controls many autonomic responses to different stimulants such as the fight or flight response to fear. Damage to the Temporal Lobes Damage to the temporal lobes can present a number of issues. A stroke or seizure that impacts the temporal lobes can result in an inability to understand language or speak properly. An individual may also have difficulty hearing or perceiving sound if they have suffered trauma. Additionally, temporal lobe damage may lead an individual to develop anxiety disorders or aggressive behavior—memory loss and hallucinations sometimes follow. In certain cases, patients even develop a condition called Capgras Delusion,  which is the belief that people, often loved ones, are not who they appear to be.

Coca Col A Symbol Of American Culture - 1599 Words

The history of Coca-cola told by the company, is a story of innovation, economic growth, and American pride. The way they tell it Coca-cola is truly a symbol of American culture, however everyone’s favorite soft drink may not be so sweet once you know the full history. Coca-Cola was founded in 1886. It’s inventor was a pharmacist named John Pemberton. Pemberton originally sold Coke as a pharmaceutical drug in the form of syrup containing cocaine and wine. It was intended to cure morphine addiction, however soon after Pemberton finalized his formula the campaign for prohibition began and he was forced to replace the wine with other ingredients. After much trial and error Pemberton settled on carbonated water, and this is how Coca-cola†¦show more content†¦Candler quickly liquidated the pharmaceutical share of the business and focused on the soda portion. In his first year he increased the company’s profit nearly ten times over.The following year Candler made the company public and opened at $20 a share, which while factoring in inflation, amounts to about $500 by today’s standards. Candler continued to facilitate the growth of the company, and in 1894 the first Coca-Cola syrup factory opened in Georgia, quickly follo wed by plants in Illinois, Texas, and California, and by 1895 Coke was drunk in every state in the U.S.. The company’s fast, and quickly accelerating growth generated the need for larger factories, and more jobs and provided opportunity for new business. Joe Biedenharn was the first â€Å"Bottler† of Coca-Cola. Biedenharn ran a candy shop on the side of his father’s shoe store, and surprised by the high demand for Coca-Cola, installed a bottling system, with which he used to sell cases of coke to farmers, and camp workers. This was the beginning of the Coca-Cola Bottling business; several privately owned business bottling Coca-Cola on their own for larger sales. Bottling only became widespread industry when Candler obtained the rights to bottling Coca-Cola throughout the entire country. Shortly after the first bottling plant was opened in 1899 and over the next twenty years the company grew by over one thousand percent. As the company continued to grow, it became a symbol in American culture. What

Counterinsurgency in WWII and Vietnam Free Essays

The counterinsurgencies in World War Two and Vietnam are strikingly different precisely because the insurgencies they fought were different. Every insurgency is unique. Some feel that an insurgency carries advantages that make it inherently unbeatable. We will write a custom essay sample on Counterinsurgency in WWII and Vietnam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because the superior force is rarely prepared for an insurgency they are at a disadvantage from day one. The primary lesson learned from the experiences of World War Two and Vietnam is that counterinsurgency must entail more than just the deployment of superior military forces. An insurgency is not unbeatable. For a counterinsurgency campaign to be successful a carefully devised comprehensive strategy that integrates military, political and humanitarian goals must be devised. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency Defined Insurgency is a broadly defined term. An insurgency can take many forms. Generally speaking, it is an uprising of a smaller, weaker military and political force against the force that occupies power. Because insurgents are almost always outnumbered and lack military equipment, they fight a guerrilla-type war. Their goal is not to defeat the opposing force militarily, but instead to erode it while inflicting as many losses as possible. Insurgents often look for â€Å"soft targets† to attack rather than facing the enemy head-on. The ultimate goal is to fight a low intensity war that drains the opposing side of resources and public support. Robert Smith, in The Utility of Force, describes a common process through which insurgencies begin. First, one political wing separates from a larger party. After arming itself, this wing initiates a low intensity conflict against a larger power. Over time, the larger force is persuaded to cut its losses and withdraw. The insurgent party then goes about establishing a dominant force of its own (Smith, 2007). This cycle is evident in the 1980s insurgency of the Afghans against the Soviet Union and the eventual emergence of the Taliban. In recent years, the term â€Å"insurgency† has also been used to describe any conflict in which groups of foreign fighters enter a country to oppose a larger force. In either case the tactics of insurgency are similar. Counterinsurgency, in turn, is more than just military opposition to the insurgent force. Broadly defined, Counterinsurgency is the attempt by a political power or occupying force to tamp down rebellion. In the late 20th and early 21st century the effectiveness of insurgent tactics has been rediscovered. Media and technological advances have been integrated effectively and, as a result, insurgencies have become more complex. In response, counterinsurgency tactics have been revised and modernized. It is generally recognized that a more comprehensive military, political, economic and cultural effort is now required. Between World War Two and the present day, the nature and scope of counterinsurgency programs changed dramatically. The Vietnam conflict represented a halfway point in that evolutionary process. The learning curve has been irregular, though. As each new insurgency surfaces new lessons must be learned and old lessons re-learned. World War Two: The emergence of modern insurgency and counterinsurgency Insurgency and counterinsurgency are not terms typically used in relation to World War Two. The seeds for the modern usage of both were sown during this era, however. The French resistance is sometimes described as an insurgent campaign. The tactics used by the Germans to counter this insurgency were brutal but ultimately ineffective. In fact, the French Resistance is credited with â€Å"coordinating sabotages and other actions which contributed to the success of Operation Overlord† (Smith, 2007). Allied forces even then were aware of the need to work with assets of â€Å"various political colors† (Smith, 2007). In working with insurgents in the early years of the war the Allies gained some knowledge about how to defeat an insurgency. This knowledge, in part, would be capitalized on at the end of World War Two and twenty years later in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the Germans faced a second insurgency from the Soviet Partisans. These were pro-communist Soviets most active in the border regions between Germany and the U. S. S. R. Like in the French resistance, these fighters sabotaged and harassed any vulnerable areas of the German occupiers they could find. Unlike in France, the Germans were never able to install a puppet regime to help them quell the population. The German counterinsurgency strategy was to stamp out any resistance as quickly as possible. The Germans and the Partisans for that matter executed thousands of civilians in this region. Counterinsurgency tactics in World War Two were somewhat primitive. Primarily, the goal was to use overwhelming military force before installing a puppet government favorable to the more powerful force. Terror was the tool for holding on to that power. Tactical reviews after the war provided some valuable information, but were also tainted by the political atmosphere of the day. For example, U. S. reports may have overemphasized the effect of partisans terrorizing the local population into supporting them. The effect of the terror caused by German counterinsurgency forces and other possible ideological reasons for local support were not studied fully enough. In the waning days of the war, remnants of the Nazi SS launched an insurgency of their own. Initial public support kept the insurgency afloat for nearly two years as various sabotages and political assassinations harassed the occupying forces. Eventually â€Å"Operation Werewolf† was defeated when the German public became assured that the Allies were committed to rebuilding their nation, through such programs as the Marshall Plan. This stands in sharp contrast to the terroristic methods of counterinsurgency that had been employed in earlier years. While not specifically part of the counterinsurgency program, media control assisted the allies in a way it would not during Vietnam. The greater threat posed to the American nation itself during World War Two led the public to accept tight military control of what was released through newspapers or other media. The media blackout was perhaps more successful for the Germans. Since the German public heard little or no negative news from the front, the Partisans and The French Resistance were never able to erode support for the war within Germany. In this sense, a totalitarian state with vast resources and complete media control has a certain advantage in counterinsurgency over free nations. When World War Two was over, the template of a successful insurgency had been advanced farther than that if a successful counterinsurgency. In the words of U. S. General Robert Smith: By the end of the Second World War, the defining characteristics of the antithesis of industrial war had been established, as a combination of basic guerilla and revolutionary warfare. (Smith, 2007) None the less, Allied knowledge increased from having been on both sides of irregular conflicts. Allied forces would put much of what they had learned about counterinsurgency into action during Vietnam. As always, some lessons had to be re-learned under difficult circumstances. Vietnam: Hard Lessons Researchers are still debating the effectiveness of the counterinsurgency effort in Vietnam. There is no doubt that operations such as â€Å"Market Time† and â€Å"Phoenix† were more sophisticated than any such efforts in World War Two. Militarily, they were at least partially successful. Efforts such as these combined elements of Allied experiences with what they had learned by studying German methods during World War Two. The military began to create â€Å"strategic hamlets† throughout South Vietnam. In order to do so, though, entire villages of civilians would often be relocated. Air assets also sprayed chemical agents on large tracts of farmland growing crops that could be used to help the North Vietnamese. In some cases, large numbers of civilians only suspected of collaborating with the communists were killed. Ironically, at the same time a humanitarian effort was established. USAID personnel, who had 6 months of language immersion and training in nation building, spearheaded the effort. The Military Assistance Command for Vietnam also worked with the National Revolutionary Development Plan to help Vietnamese victims of the war. Even when pacification efforts within Vietnam itself were going well, the insurgents were winning the media war. The Tet offensive was a military defeat for the communists. After Tet â€Å"the flagging rural pacification program picked up momentum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chant, 1990). Despite its military success, the counterinsurgency failed in two critical ways. The Vietnamese Communists fought the â€Å"hearts and minds† battle better, giving the peasants promises that had real meaning to them. For instance; the communists promised land loans and lower taxes to peasants (Alexander, 2002). The coalition could never establish a trust relationship with the majority of the population. When Congress cut off funds and recommended that â€Å"ground forces should not be committed† the mistrust of the Vietnamese was confirmed (Chant, 1990). In Vietnam, the media was on the front lines of war as never before. Initially the Allies believed that this would be a showcase for the military and would help maintain support for the war. By the end of the war, the insurgents had turned this factor completely in their favor. The North Vietnamese capitalized on American broadcasts and broadcasts of their own, essentially communicating directly to the American people that the war was unwinnable. They rightly assumed that the American media could play a significant role in eroding public support for the war. When the American military tried to exert greater control over the media, distrust and opposition to the war only increased. Analysis and Conclusion Contrary to popular belief, insurgencies have a long track record of success. In fact; â€Å"irregular or guerrilla warfare is, in fact, the most successful form of conflict† (Alexander, 2002). It is the repeated failure of major powers to recognize this and anticipate it that itself are the major reasons for insurgent success. In World War Two, insurgencies were relatively contained. In Vietnam and in the 21st century they are not. They are sophisticated multinational operations in which the insurgents sometimes cannot even be identified. World War Two and Vietnam are evidence that insurgency can take many different forms. The overall lesson, however, is the same. The degree of success for a counterinsurgency is directly related to the degree the insurgency was anticipated and planned for. Another clear lesson is that a counterinsurgency employing only military means is destined to fail. The experiences in World War Two and Vietnam do give some clues as to how to deal with the insurgency in Iraq. A comprehensive strategy must be developed that separates the insurgents from those who support them. Then an effective intelligence network with ample numbers of human assets must be developed and maintained. As shown in Iraq the lessons of prior wars are forgotten and must be re-learned. For example, when insurgents were driven out of a town coalition forces would often leave that area undefended. It was not until at least three years into the war that coalition forces began to use the â€Å"take and hold† method used in Vietnam more than three decades earlier. The ability to defeat insurgencies in the future depends upon learning and capitalizing on lessons such as these. The first step to defeating an insurgency is to expect one. The second step is to plan a counterinsurgency. Beyond these simple steps the process is incredibly complex and there are no hard and fast rules. Sources Alexander, Bevin. (2002). How Wars are Won: the 13 rules of war from ancient Greece to the War on Terror. New York: Crown Publishers. Chant, Christopher. (1990). The Military History of the United States (Vol. 13). New York: Marshall Cavendish. Markel, Wade. (2006). â€Å"Draining the Swamp: The British Strategy of Population Control†. Parameters. Retrieved 1/7/2008 from: http://www. carlisle. army. mil/usawc/Parameters/06spring/markel. htm . McClintock, Michael. (2002). â€Å"U. S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism, 1940-1990†. Instruments of Statecraft. Retrieved 1/7/2008 from: http://www. statecraft. org/chapter3. html . Smith, Robert. (2007). The Utility of Force: the art of war in the modern world. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. How to cite Counterinsurgency in WWII and Vietnam, Papers

Foundations of Global Marketing and Advertising

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Global Marketing and Advertising. Answer: Introduction Advertisement is something which an individual come across, in one form or the other, on a daily basis, no matter what one does, or where they are. It is the audio visual form of marketing used by the organizations, in order to promote and sell a product, idea or any services. Advertising helps the companies in increasing the consumption of their products by creating a brand and an image in the minds of its customers. Advertisement is the best way of making the public aware about the product, and it is also the best way available to the public, to know more about the product, without purchasing it (Green, 2011). Often, in order to attract more customers, the ethical lines are crossed in the advertisements. Sometimes the facts are omitted, or they are exaggerated, and at times even lied upon. Advertisements are used by the companies in order to persuade the customers into buying their product and for this various persuasive techniques are used (Zotos Grau, 2016). One of such techniques is the sexualization of women in the advertisements, and this has been increasing throughout the years. When anything is given the sexual character or the quality, it becomes sexualization. Sexualization has been used by a range of companies to grasp the attention of consumers, and specifically when the focus in on a specific targeted audience (Blair et al., 2006). In the following parts, the ethical issues relating to the sexualization, especially of women in advertisements, have been researched upon. There has been an increase in the sexualization of females in advertisements to promote a product, and such sexualization is not ethical. Test To See If This Hypothesis Is Correct In order to determine if the stated hypothesis is right or wrong, the use of women in the advertisements would be analyzed. The type of advertisements in which the women are used, and how their sexualization helps in the promotion of the product would be examined to determine if the hypothesis is actually correct. Moreover, the theories associated with objectification and sexualization would also be elucidated to affirm the hypothesis. Lastly, the consequences of such sexualization have also been determined to show that such ads are unethical. Methodology In order to carry out this research, a deductive approach has been used, as this study determines that its premises as true. And secondary data has been used, in form of news articles, journals and books to analyze the presence of sexualization in advertisements. The use of this form of data will help in establishing the unethical point of view of such ads. A case study is also undertaken to prove the hypothesis. This case study taken here is of the advertisement of The Axe Effect, where it can be easily seen that the women are treated as merely an object and are sexualized to sell the product. By examining the type of ads in which women are being sexualized, it can be determined that the women are objectified just to attract the attention of the consumers. By using the theory of sex sells the makers of the advertisements often objectify the women, as they view that this would garner the attention and help in the sale of the product (Attwood, 2014). The theories of objectification have highlighted that women are treated as an object and such an object can be used in any form. The theories of sexual objectification highlight that a person is treated as an instrument of sexual pleasure. Even though men are also objectified, but such numbers are quite less (Adams, 2015). The sexualization of the women, on the other hand, has been present since generations and is also expected to continue. These theories highlight the unethical aspect of such advertisements. A huge brand which is involved in the sexualization in their ads, so as to sell their product is AXE. AXE is one of the famous international brands of the male grooming products, and their product range includes deodorants, shower gels, styling products, fragrance sprays, antiperspirants, and shampoos (Unilever, 2016). AXE was first introduced in the 1983 in France by Unilever, which is a multi-billion dollar consumer goods company. After the success of AXE in Europe and Latin America, it was introduced in USA in 2002. The sale of AXE brand is done by making the males believe in the notion that by using their products, all the women would come running towards them, and this is known as The AXE Effect (Unilever USA, 2016). In one of the ads of AXE, titled Billions, a number of women running in an animalistic manner through the forest or are swimming madly across the ocean, so as to reach a man who is shown as bathing himself in the AXE deodorant (Luzakain, 2010). The ad shows the desperation of women that they exist solely for the purpose of pleasing the men. Moreover, the ad uses the clichd performance, which is used not only in the advertisements but also in music videos also, just to sell the product. This performance includes the camera angles, wet bodies, provocative clothing, and the fragmentation to sexualize, as well as, objectify the women. The derogatory imagination is the main appeal behind such ads and these dehumanize the women (Mooij, 2013). In another ad, where the chocolate ice cream fragrance was to be promoted, the women was shown as licking a man after using that particular scented body spray (Pride Ferrell, 2016). Findings The target audience of such products of AXE is young men, who are focused upon girls. The psychological features include masculinity, seductiveness and desirability. The advertisements of AXE are aimed at connecting the action of attracting a woman to the AXE products. By creating a notion of attracting the women by use of this product, the men are attracted towards these products (Pride Ferrell, 2016). But these ads are wrong on ethical grounds. The ads are only aimed at attracting more targeted audience, and forget about the ethical implications of it. By sexualizing and objectifying the women, the profits are achieved. The women are depicted as a sexually object which is a bad example to be set for the already patriarchal society, as well as, demoralizing (BBC, 2007). The over-sexualization and objectification of women in the advertisements of AXE is very common. Apart from this, the ads also use the beautiful version of a woman as per the societys view, where the woman is flawless, tall and slim. Even though such ads are often exaggerated and mostly contain the element of sexual humor, they are disrespectful, as well as, degrading to all the women across the globe (Aleman, 2013). With the passage of times, the sexuality in the ads of AXE has increased manifolds. Even though these are merely ads meant to sell the products of the company, but such ads have a huge impact over the society as a whole. The view that is being sold here is that the sole objective of the women of this earth is to be with and please a man, along with, the standard and image of beauty (Krayer, Ingledew Iphofen, 2008). The image created in the eyes of society is one where the women have flawless features and are simply the object of mans sexual satisfaction. The view of society is not the only view that has been changed regarding a beautiful woman; the view of the women towards themselves has also changed throughout the years. Incidents of body shamming, due to the negative body image have increased manifolds, and this is a recurrent topic of the present age. Women feel shameful due to their shape and size and develop the feelings of awkwardness, shame and even anxiety (Brown University, 2015). The analysis of the AXE advertisement depicts the sexualization of women as the ad emphasizes over the excessive sexuality of women, in addition to how it attracts all men. The ad here clearly suggests that the men are attracted towards sexually appealing women, in comparison to the casually or ordinarily dressed women. By showing all the women in bikini suits, who run towards the man in an animalistic manner, they are shown as the sex objects as per the societal norms, which is clearly a negative connotation of women (Wang, 2016). These ads also engage in the stereotyping of the men (Adams, 2015). The men are depicted as having the only aim of getting more and more girls, and quenching their sexual desires. They are depicted in such manner as the makers believe that the targeted audience would do anything to get a girl, and that by showing such ads, the targeted consumer would rush to buy their product (Pride Ferrell, 2016). And this makes these advertisements wrong on ethical grounds again, as this is misleading for the audience. Even though these ads have been successful for the company, but the society has not seen the positivity of them. The view that has been created through such ads is quite specific. So, not only the women are sexualized in such ads, but also create the image of a beautiful woman. The image of women that is portrayed through such ads is that women are brainless object, and their sole aim is to please men. This is completely unethical as women are given no respect or morality (Grogan, 2008). Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the hypothesis of this research paper is correct. Indeed, there has been a rise in the sexualization of females in advertisements to promote a product. Moreover, such sexualization and objectification of women is both immoral and unethical. The women, in the advertisements these days are treated as a sexual object, just so that the sale of the product can increase (Kilbourne, 2012). Moreover, an image of beautiful woman being flawless, slim and fit, has been embedded in the minds of the society, which has resulted in the negative body image of the women. The case study further highlighted how the women are objectified in the ads. The Billions ad showed the women running crazily after a man using the AXE product, in a provocative manner. The only aim of this ad was to garner targeted audiences attention and the ethical implications were simply ignored. And this has been done constantly by AXE in all of its advertisements. This sexualization is not only present in the ads of this product, but also in the ads of various products. As highlighted above, such sexualization is also present in music videos, where the women are objectified and shown in a derogatory manner (Mischner et al., 2013). There are people who view this objectification as liberalization of women, but this paper does not hold that view. The reasons for the rejection of this view are simple, the objectification results in a negative image of women, where they have no respect and are portrayed as a product, and this dehumanizes them (Infanger Sczesny, 2014). To conclude, the sexualization of women in the ads is detrimental and unethical. References Adams, R. (2015). Sexualizing Women In Ads May Hurt Men's Self-Esteem, Too. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/sexualizing-women-in-ads-may-hurt-mens-self-esteem-too_us_55faca8de4b08820d9178604 Aleman, P. (2013). The Axe Effect. Retrieved from: https://medialiteracyproject.org/deconstructions/axe-effect/ Attwood, F. (2014). Mainstreaming Sex: The Sexualization of Western Culture. London: I.B.Tauris. BBC. (2007). Sexualisation 'harms' young girls. Retrieved from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6376421.stm Blair, J.D., Stephenson, J.D., Hill, K.L., Green, J.S. (2006). Ethics in Advertising: Sex Sells, But Should It?. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 9(1/2), 109-118. Brown University. (2015). Body Image. Retrieved from: https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/health/services/promotion/nutrition-eating-concerns-eating-concerns-and-body-image/body-image Green, J. (2011). Advertising. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Grogan, S. (2008). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Infanger, M., Sczesny, S. (2014). Sexualization in advertising re-framed: How empowered and submissive sexualization in ads affects women's well-being. Sex Roles. Doi:10.7892/boris.63687 Kilbourne, J. (2012). Womens Bodies in Advertising. Retrieved from: https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/womens-bodies-in-advertising/ Krayer, A., Ingledew, D. K., Iphofen, R. (2008). Social comparison and body image in adolescence: a grounded theory approach. Health Education Research, 23 (5), 892-903. Doi: 10.1093/her/cym076 Luzakain, S. (2010). The AXE Effect - Women Billions. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKNTCP-ctGw Mischner, H.S.I., Schie, H.T.V., Wigboldus, H.J.D., Baaren, R.V.B., Engels, R.C.M.E. (2013). Thinking big: The effect of sexually objectifying music videos on bodily self-perception in young women. Body Image, 10(1), 2634. Doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.08.004 Mooij, M.D. (2013). Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes (4th ed.). USA: Sage Publications. Pride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C. (2016). Foundations of Marketing (7th ed.). MA, USA: Cengage Learning. Unilever USA. (2016). AXE. Retrieved from: https://www.unileverusa.com/brands/our-brands/axe.html Unilever. (2016). AXE. Retrieved from: https://www.unilever.com/brands/ Wang, Y. (2016). Sexual Objectification of Women in Advertising. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Zotos, Y.C., Grau, S.L. (2016). Gender stereotypes in advertising: exploring new directions. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 759-760. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2016.1203555.